![]() ![]() ![]() Graded materials for resistance to contact deformation and damage. Functional gradients and heterogeneities in biological materials: design principles, functions, and bioinspired applications. We discuss various deformation behaviours induced by structural gradients, including stress and strain gradients, the accumulation and interaction of new dislocation structures, and unique interfacial behaviour, as well as providing insight into future directions for the development of gradient structured materials. This Review critically assesses the state of the art in the field of gradient nanostructured metallic materials, covering topics ranging from the fabrication and characterization of mechanical properties to underlying deformation mechanisms. These emerging gradient materials often exhibit unprecedented mechanical properties, such as strength–ductility synergy, extraordinary strain hardening, enhanced fracture and fatigue resistance, and remarkable resistance to wear and corrosion, which are not found in materials with homogeneous or random microstructures. The synthesis of various gradient nanostructured materials, such as gradient nanograined, nanolaminated nd nanotwinned metals and alloys, has provided new opportunities to understand gradient-related mechanical behaviour. Inspired by the gradient structures of biological materials, researchers have explored compositional and structural gradients for about 40 years as an approach to enhance the properties of engineering materials, including metals and metallic alloys. ![]()
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